DB 6 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DB 6 - Research Paper Example Deposits refer to clients’ money that are kept with the bank while borrowings are cash and cash equivalents that a banking institution may borrow from other sources such as other commercial banks and the Federal Bank (Union Bank, 2011). Liabilities of a magazine publisher, like those of a newspaper publisher, are however diverse and can be explored in terms of current liabilities and long term liabilities. Current liabilities of the form of business organization are creditors, accrued payroll, prepaid subscriptions, accrued expenses, and outstanding taxes. Portions of long term debts and lease liabilities that falls due in a given accounting period also form part of the publishers’ short term liabilities. Long-term liabilities for the form of business include â€Å"long term debt and capital lease obligations,† â€Å"pension benefits obligations,† â€Å"post retirement benefits obligations† among other long-term commitments (New York Times, 2012, p. 55). Current liabilities of a departmental store such as Macy’s departmental stores however include â€Å"short term debt,† â€Å"merchandise accounts payable,† â€Å"accounts payable and accrued liabilities,† â€Å"income taxes and differed income taxes† and outstanding taxes while long term liabilities are long term debts, outstanding taxes and other forms of long term liabilities (Macy’s, 2012, F-5). Borrowings and outstanding taxes are the common types of liabilities for the three forms of organizations while accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued liabilities and long-term debts are common elements among magazine publishing organizations and departmental stores. Deposits are however unique for a banking institution while prepaid subscriptions are unique for a magazine publishing organization’s balance sheet and merchandise accounts payable is unique among departmental stores (Union Bank, ; New York Times, ; Macy’s, ). Project 2: A report for Alcenon’s management The Corporation leases a large percentage of its operational assets. The choice to make operating leases as opposed to capital lease has aimed at keeping lease debts out of the organization’s balance sheet in order to attain low debt rations in financial reports. Alcenon is currently negotiating a 10-year-lease on an asset whose anticipated useful life is 15 years. Terms of the lease requires ten annual lease payments at $ 20000 per year. The first installment is due at the beginning of the lease term and the value of the leased asset is $ 135180. There is no provision for transfer of title to the lessee and no provision for bargain purchase. Decision into accounting for the lease as an operating lease must however be based on accounting and legal provisions that the management must be informed of. This report explores relevant provisions to accounting for the lease and makes recommendations to the management. Accounting co ncepts for professional and legal regulation of accounting for asset lease differentiate between capital lease and operating lease and knowledge of the differences must be identified before the corporation classifies the lease. One of the factors that the management should consider is the lease duration relative to the asset’

Total quality management Literature review

Total quality management Literature review Literature review The world experienced the quality revolution in the early 1990s. From that instance organisations were improving in overall quality of the organisation. The companies around the world competed with their quality of products and services, price and delivery. Organisations believed that by improving the quality, they can achieve lower cost, fewer failures and better marketability. In this period total quality management became popular. TQM is applied in organisations to improve its effectiveness, flexibility and competitiveness, by improving the overall quality of the organisation. It is focused mainly on continuous improvement. TQM is nothing but a philosophy and guide to organisations, which helps them in ways towards continuous improvement. TQM is a combination of system of systems. All the companies have not achieved competitive advantage or benefits using TQM is because of implementation and usage in the organisation. To be successful with TQM the indicators which are to be achieved by an organisation are the leadership, continuous improvements, internal or external co- operation, customer focus, learning, employee fulfilment and process management. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0291030201.html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1060120604.html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0400140507.html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/1760030104.pdf According to Hansson and Klefsjà ¶ (2003) TQM can be defined as a management system, which consists of three interdependent units, namely core values, techniques and tools. But the definitions for total quality management are vague. The aim of TQM is Zero defect and it mainly emphasis on quality. The core values of TQM which will lead to better quality in the organisation is summarised from the authors (Boulter and Bendell, 2002, Ehresman, 1995, Ghobadian and Gallear 1995, Hansson and Klefsjà ¶ 2003, 2006 ) it is divided into three parts, first the whole organisation has to committed and work towards common goal i.e. continuous improvement. Secondly the customers are to be focused, through better satisfaction in the products and services. The decisions made with regard to customers are to be given the highest priority by top level management. Thirdly the decisions must be taken with trusted facts and figures. http://demo1.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet;jsessionid=5FBEA684473F22B9FAE30638F23D3534?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1060150201.html Boulter, L., Bendell, T. (2002), How can ISO 9000:2000 help companies achieve excellence? What the company think, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 6 No.2, pp.37-41. Ehresman, T. (1995), Small Business Success through TQM, ASQC Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VC4-3VW1BRW-8-2_cdi=5944_user=138221_orig=search_coverDate=02%2F29%2F1996_sk=999759998view=cwchp=dGLbVlz-zSkzkmd5=a2afeab00d66a4e64f8e3a30e84385dfie=/sdarticle.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VCT-4MHPHMF-C-5_cdi=5963_user=138221_orig=search_coverDate=12%2F01%2F2007_sk=998169997view=cwchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWzmd5=e471fdc0aece7732196abd9705804b37ie=/sdarticle.pdf http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0291080901.html From the definition and study it is stated that the environmental management is a part of quality management. When the organisation is moving towards total improvement in performance, the environmental performance has its presence. Governments and agencies around the world created quality systems to help the organisations to achieve their quality objectives through quality management systems and environmental performance in environmental management systems. The QM and EMS share a common aim and values. QM and EMS are integrated now. According to Wilkinson and Dale, 1998 and Karapetrovic and Willborn, 1998 integration can be carried out in many different ways but, the results differ in terms of applying it and it is also called as system of systems. Wilkinson, G., Dale, B.G. (1998), System integration: the views and activities of certification bodies, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 10 No.4, pp.288-92 Karapetrovic, S., Willborn, W. (1998), Integration of quality and environmental management systems, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 10 No.3, pp.204-13. For example the ISO has developed management systems separately for quality management and environmental management i.e. ISO9000 for quality and ISO14000 for environmental management. Integration was done by the technical committee in 2004 between quality and environment systems. They had explored the common factors between two systems and modified ISO 14000-2004 to enable organisations to use both systems at once. This resulted in superior performance in many organisations. They introduced the PDCA which is common for both systems. Bernardo et al, 2008 http://demo1.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0510200405.html#idb31 Environmental management and quality management are parallel to each other. They have common factors like zero defects and no wastage and the process of implementation with corrective and preventive actions. But some basic value does not integrate, exactly with each other. QMS mainly concentrates on consumer requirements and on the other had EMS focuses on the environment. According to Chinn a new concept was formed in late 90s which was named as QEMS which means quality and environment management system. It has stated the common elements they worked upon. They are planning, objectives, management responsibility, communication, training, control of records and many others. So when an organisation need to equipped with total quality system, the EMS will also must be in place to monitor the environmental sustainability measures from the organisation. What is Benchmarking? In the present business scenario, quality has become a major criterion in all aspects of the organisation, so the managers have taken up quality improvement tools such as total quality management, quality function development and continuous improvement. The exertion of these tools is to discover the flaws in the organisational process. The next step is to convert these flaws and improving the component. Here the question rises of how to fix these inadequacies? Benchmarking is the way to fix them. As benchmarking is a quality improvement process. It is a systematic process of searching and monitoring the best practices in the sector. Benchmarking has been the concept of imitating the best practices in the industry. Organizations have to achieve cost benefits, better operations and better environment by which it induces the company to learn quickly and cheaply from adopting the best practices and performance standards from other companies in order to get better competitive advantage over its competitors. This can be extended anywhere because the ultimate goal is to be best in class. Benchmarking is commonly used tool in the organisations. This technique can be implemented in all sectors and it is due to increasing competitiveness. Benchmark means to a unit on a scale for measurement. It was a fashionable concept for the large manufacturing companies which predominantly uses quantitative economic parameters, such as inventory turnover, set-up times, lead time, direct labour time or working time, return on sales, return on equity are measured.(Miller et al.,1992). Nowadays benchmarking is used everywhere and it is used to measure any process, activity, procedure in an organisation which may be of products or services. Many authors and literatures have given many different forms of definitions for benchmarking. Definitions from Sarkis, Andersen and pettersen and Marosszeky and Karim are benchmarking means comparing the practices, operations, results of an organisation with the best organisation in the sector and adopt and practice the techniques used in there to improve ones own organisation. And it focuses on continuous improvement, in quality and helps to learn from the competitors. Through which the faults and breakthroughs in the organisation can be easily identified and systematically dealt with. It also helps in improving the overall quality and business environment carried out through learning from each other. It forms a continuous and systematic improvement in an organisations processes, products and services which are being monitored and adopted from the best practices globally or nation wide or in a particular sector. Benchmarking is used to achieve and maintain high level of competitiveness. It monitors the continuous improvement by the process of measuring the products, services and business practices against the best practices in the industry. The organisations strengths and weakness can be easily identified and measured with the best and toughest competitors in the industry. Best practices is finding and using the best ways to achieve the desired objectives in the organisation. It is done by imitating the practices and processes of the organisation who are leaders in the sector and measuring the ways it worked with. Benchmarking can be done in five steps for an organisation. Firstly the required data are collected in a planned manner from the organisation and the data is converted into a report format, which make it easy for analyzing the situation. After creating a report the gaps are to be detected and corrective action has to be implemented to fill the gaps. When the gaps in the organisation are corrected, review has to be done in regular intervals and reported. It is compared with best practice in the industry. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/04/02091848/1 Many organisations are not aware of what needed to be benchmarked. because of the lack of management knowledge. A key issue is that what to benchmark in business or an organisation. It is mainly used to compare and measure of business and product performance and how it is extended to the business processes. Determining the issues to be benchmarked is a critical issue. The following questions can aid to the question of what to benchmark with environment (Cassell et. al.., 2001) To find the critical factors which are of organisations success To find the process causing the trouble in the system To find the process which contribute to maximum customer satisfaction and in which the performance is not to the expectation Examine and define the competitive pressures impacting the organisation What the processes which have the greatest potential for differentiating in the business competitiveness? Environmental benchmarking The environmental benchmarking is derived from benchmarking and it mainly focuses on the natural environment. It helps the organisation to become green and eco efficient by adopting the practices from the leaders in industry. It is also a quality improvement tool and has become very essential to an organisation. They are used to achieve environmental performance in the organisation i.e. it helps the organisation to manipulate on the natural environment. It is adapted in many organisations due to the pressure from stake holders, public and authorises. According to Greeno and Robinson 1992, Demands on companies to measure, document and disclose information about environmental performance will become invasive.and environmental performance will become a critical factor to scrutinize. It is been predicted a decade ago, and the governments has now made it mandatory and bought it to the legislations that organisations must be environmental conscious and friendly. According to Szekely, et. al.., 1996, Makrinou et al 2008 and Mandaraka, et. al 2003 Environmental benchmarking is used by various organisation in their practices, process and in business operation to achieve environmental efficiency and environmental performance. The tool framed to rigorously concentrate on every activity of the organisation and examines and compares the process to achieve its objectives. The process is the elimination and rectification of weak activities and processes in the organisation and the objective is to identify and access the abilities and attributes in business to achieve maximum environmental performance. Most of the weak activities cause heavy pollution and burden to the environment. The weak process and activities are very dangerous to the environment and life. The world in has seen many industrial disasters in last two decades due to unhealthy practices and operations by the environment. The best examples are the Efficient and maximum usage of virgin materials in the organisation, recycling of waste, waste, treatment plant to neutralise end pipe discharge, maximum utilization of assets and machinery and power saving equipments and minimum usage of non renewable resource. Minor modifications in the process of operations in the organisations, will lead to lesser impact on the environment and can avoid these kinds of disasters in future. The improved process, practices and operations can be identified from the best practices. Benchmarking tools helps in finding the best practices in national and international level. Environmental benchmarking is an integral part of environmental management systems. This helps in setting up of goals and targets for an organization towards environmental efficiency. It also helps in monitoring the performance of the targets which are to be achieved towards better environment. It is one of the tools used in management systems like EMS (Bolli and Emtairah 2001). Environmental management system EMS is a management type system which aims in managing the environmental aspects of the organisation in a pro active way, and it directly relates to the organisations overall performance. It relates to the process, practices, products and services and day to day operations. The main objective of Ems is to continually improve the environmental performance of the organisation with overall performance. Ems is a collection of policies, statements, assessments, plan and actions which directly or indirectly affects the organisation and its performance. Organisations achieve environmental performance with Ems in a systematic manner. It is a continuous cycle which plans, implements, reviews and improves the practices and processes of the organisation for continuous improvement towards environmental sustainability. Ems mainly focuses on minimizing the environmental impacts of the organisation on the natural environment. The main objectives of Ems for the SMEs are It induces the organisation to have an environmental management system. It assists the SMEs in understanding the concepts of Ems in their operations, in order to help the management to adopt precisely. This reduces the impacts on natural environment and it is easy to comply with the regulation. This helps in cost savings and increased productivity. The third objective is developing a awareness with the SMEs entrepreneurs, regarding the importance of environment and the organisations impact on them. It helps the SMEs in creating a strong foundation to implement the international standards like ISO and EMAS in organisations. According to British standards institute, Ems is defined as the organisational structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for determining and implementing environmental policy. According to BSI is nothing but an environmental policy which outlines the organisations commitment to the environmental performance. Many organisation in different countries follow and adopt the environmental management system such as BS8555, ISO 14000 series, EMAS, Green dragon. But in common it works on the Deming Cycle. Plan, what you are going to do, do what you planned to do, check to ensure that you did what you planned to do and act to make improvements. SMEs adopt EMS EMS is an unobserved quality. It can be examined only by the drivers, practices. The organisations are motivated to use EMS and its environmental strategies to increase their efficiency and legitimacy. It is very controversial because from the study of states those SMEs are not only motivated by the rewards and befits such as environmental performance, organisational/business performance and export orientation but they are pressurized to adopt EMS by their stake holders and institutional pressures. According to Khanna and Anton 2002 EMS becomes complete when they are more environmental practices is undertaken in the organisation. The environmental practices are the environmental policy, evaluation, training for employees, regular audits of internal and external in nature, environmental performance and benchmarking with the best practices, goals and targets and public report. Motivation and EMS Motivation is the driving force behind for an organisation to implement a management techniques or tool or system in their operations and business process. The factors and statistics which can be used to motivate the organisations to implement EMS in their organisation and in the same time become environmentally sustainable and reduce the impact on natural environment. The factors are the organisation can achieve compliance with the regulations of the government, it creates an eco friendly image to the stake holders and better marketability options and it also reduces cost with greater organisational performance. Export orientation In the globalised world export and import has taken the centre stage. Export orientation becomes imperative when organisation operates within or depends on the foreign markets. When the goods are carried out of national borders EMS becomes essential to meet the demands of the importing country and the needs of diverse customers. Buyers gain trust of exporters by looking into the operations and eco friendly procedures and facilities implemented in the organisation. EMS and organisational Performance A management system is framed and practiced in the business is to gain from the management practices. The gain or benefit can be in the form of monetary benefit or non monetary benefit. EMS and environmental performance EMS and pressure on SMEs SMEs are exposed to stakeholders pressure to adopt environmental management system. The stakeholders are person, group, organisation or the government which has a direct or indirect stake in the organisation and can or would be affected by the organisations policy, decision and operations. The stake holders for an SME are Regulatory pressure The regulatory pressure is created from the regulators, governments, insurers on the organisation to curb their pollution levels and employ eco friendly operations and which doesnt impact the natural environment. If the organisations fail, it is imposed with fines, penalties, strategic actions or even closure of firms. The regulatory pressure creates an opportunity for the organisation to become more competitive and capitalize of the situation. But when the regulation becomes stricter, the SMEs are compelled to implement costly pollution control technologies. Better pollution control leads to lesser insurance premiums and better credit options from the bank and financial agencies. Market pressure In this competitive world the organisations are concerned about the market share. Customers have become concerned about the natural environment and they have started to use the products and services of the organisations which are eco efficient and sustainable towards the environment. When organisation adopts EMS it increases organisations reputation. The market pressures drive the managers to adopt EMS to survive in the business and to stay competitive. Social pressure An organisation must have a better public image to survive and competitive in the market. To gain the image the organisation need to become environmental friendly and work towards continual improvement. The word social include the environmental organisation, community groups, labour unions and association which regards to trade. There is been a increase in awareness towards the natural environment in recent times because of industrial accident like Bhopal disaster and Exxon oil spill which shock the world. When an organisation does not implement EMS in their organisation the worst scenario of boycott of goods and it may damage the image in the business environment. Ownership pressure This pressure is imposed on the organisation by their share holders. In SMEs the share holders are in the form of partnership within the company. The pressure is on the organisation to adopt EMS with wide-range of tools and techniques to create an environmental friendly organisation. Organisation is prone to financial liabilities when it has a poor reputation in terms of environment and performance. Internal and external barriers to SMEs in adopting EMS Internal barriers are of resources, understanding and perception, implementation and attitudes and company culture. SMEs are lack of time from the management and staff, to concentrate on EMS implementation and maintenance. Staffs in SMEs lack managerial skill and it is not possible for SMEs to give training due to the constraint of limited resources. When there is an inexperienced or unskilled staff force it becomes difficult to implement EMS, because lack of understanding of the procedures, policies and legal compliances. Implementation of EMS is very cumbersome. Minor breaches in the implementation would cause a heavy loss of resources to the organisation and possible deregistration from the standards. SMEs have to concentrate on continual improvement and it is very difficult to adopt in every stage on the process. The external barriers are the obstacles and hindrances which arise from the external environment of the organisation. High costs of recruiting a consultant and verification/ certification is a major barrier to the SMEs. They are limited number of verifiers in each country and it becomes more expensive to hire. SMEs are not beneficial with EMS because of change in economic climate and Uncertainty which prevails within the market for the value of EMS standard. Benefits and disbenefits of SMEs adopting EMS Small and medium scale enterprises around the world share common characteristics. According to - SMEs around the world contribute 70 percent of pollution ie the SMEs cause great impact to the natural environment. So the EMS model was adapted to SMEs from large scales enterprises. SMEs adapting EMS face disbenefits or non materialization benefits from EMS in their organisation. They are being classified into three (i) resources (ii) surprises (iii) lack of rewards. SMEs characteristics are it lacks professionalism, lack of knowledge, is has started with a minimum capital, lack of skills and time. They also have the barrier of specialized staff and skills to co ordinate the EMS activities in the organisation. The SME has to rely completely on consultants for the certification and adaption on EMS. It is evident that, some may misguide and it results in negative results and wastage of resources for the organisation. SMEs have to incur cost of certification and implementation which is of high capital expenditure to the organisation. which is beyond reach for many organisations. The EMS surprises the SMEs with resources and time spent to implement system which are complex in nature. The other surprises are it is difficult to meet the expectations of all stake holders, it difficult to synchronise with other management

Analysis of Sonnet 73 Essays -- Sonnet essays

[Line 1]* - 'that time of year' being late autumn or early winter. [Line 2]* - Compare the line to Macbeth (5.3.23) "my way of life/is fall'n into the sere, the yellow leaf". [Line 4]* - 'Bare ruin'd choirs' is a reference to the remains of a church or, more specifically, a chancel, stripped of its roof and exposed to the elements. The choirs formerly rang with the sounds of 'sweet birds'. Some argue that lines 3 and 4 should be read without pause -- the 'yellow leaves' shake against the 'cold/Bare ruin'd choirs' . If we assume the adjective 'cold' modifies 'Bare ruin'd choirs', then the image becomes more concrete -- those boughs are sweeping against the ruins of the church. Some editors, however, choose to insert 'like' into the opening of line 4, thus changing the passage to mean 'the boughs of the yellow leaves shake against the cold like the jagged arches of the choir stand exposed to the cold'. Noted 18th-century scholar George Steevens commented that this image "was probably suggested to Shakespeare by our desolated monasteries. The resemblance between the vaulting of a Gothic isle [sic] and an avenue of trees whose upper branches meet and form an arch overhead, is too striking not to be acknowledged. When the roof of the one is shattered, and the boughs of the other leafless, the comparison becomes more solemn and picturesque" (Smith 148). [Line 7]* - 'black night' is a metaphor for death itself. As 'black night' closes in around the remaining light of the day, so too does death close in around the poet. [Line 8]* - 'Death's second self' i.e. 'black night' or 'sleep'. Macbeth refers to sleep as 'The death of each day's life' (2.2.49). [Line 12]* - 'that' i.e. the poet's desires. [Line 13]* -... ...the west, After the sun sets in the west, Which by and by black night doth take away, Which is soon extinguished by black night, Death's second self, that seals up all in rest. The image of death that envelops all in rest. In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire In me you can see the glowing embers That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, That lie upon the ashes remaining from the flame of my youth, As the death-bed whereon it must expire As on a death bed where it (youth) must finally die Consumed with that which it was nourish'd by. Consumed by that which once fed it. This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, This you sense, and it makes your love more determined To love that well which thou must leave ere long. Causing you to love that which you must give up before long.

The Rocket Boys

â€Å"The Rocket Boys† Homer Hickam Jr. For my reading assignment, I chose â€Å"The Rocket Boys† by Homer Hickam Jr. It is an autobiography written more like a fiction novel about a high school aged boy, Homer, who lived in a coal mining town named Coalwood. His father ran the coal mine and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps but Homer did not want to become a miner. He wanted to grow up to be a rocket engineer. Homer and his father were never great friends and this built tension between them all the way through Homer’s high school years.This passion for rockets began while Homer was watching the Russians launch a satellite into space for the first time ever. He started to learn about rockets and with a group of friends, he started to grasp the concept of rocket building. After some months of fighting for materials and a place to launch these rockets, the coal company allowed them to launch on an abandoned coal yard outside of town. For three years Homer a nd his friends launched better and better rockets, able to reach up to five miles in the sky! In their senior year they entered the county science fair and won all the way to nationals with the help of their whole community.Homer’s successes pleased his father; they both finally were happier and moved on. Homer ended up at NASA after joining the Army for the Vietnam War. He is still alive today. A particular passage in the book I find appealing is found on pages forty and forty-one: â€Å"All that fall, the Welch Daily News and the Bluefield Daily Telegraph were filled with stories of our American scientists and engineers at Cape Canaveral in Florida, desperately working to catch up with the Russians. It was if the science fiction I had read all my life were coming true.Gradually, I became fascinated by the whole thing. I read every article I could find about the men at the Cape and kept myself pinned to the television set for the latest on what they were doing. I began to h ear about one particular rocket scientist named Dr. Wernher von Braun. His very name was exotic and exciting. I saw on television were Dr. von Braun had given an interview and he said, in a crisp German accent, that if he got the go ahead he could put a satellite into orbit within thirty days. The newspapers said he’d have to wait, that the program Vanguard would get the first chance.Vanguard was the United States’ International Geophysical satellite program, and von Braun, since he worked for the Army, was somehow too tainted by that association to make the first American try for orbit. At night before I went to sleep, I thought about what Dr. von Braun might be doing at that very moment down at the Cape. I could just imagine him high on a gantry, lying on his back like Michelangelo, working with a wrench on the fuel lines of one of his rockets. I started to think about what an adventure it would be to work for him, helping him to build rockets and launching them into space. †This passage describes when Homer started to think about how much he liked rockets and how Dr. von Braun started to become Homer’s hero. It mentions how Homer just notices Dr. von Braun’s name and automatically takes an interest in the scientist because of how exotic it was which foreshadows the fact that Homer will have a growing interest in Dr. von Braun. Homer’s admiration for the scientist grew considerably when Dr. von Braun said that, if allowed, he could have a satellite in space in thirty days. This made Homer think of him as an aeronautical hero and that is how he thought about him for the rest of his life.The author used creative references, like when Homer would lie in bed and think about what Dr. von Braun was doing. He thought that he was like Michelangelo, high up on a gantry underneath his â€Å"art† or his rocket fixing something with his wrench like Michelangelo was fixing something under the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling with his brush. This thought made Homer think about how great it would be to be doing that alongside of the great Dr. von Braun. This important passage shows what Homer Jr. ’s main interest will be for the rest of his life. The most difficult choice Homer had to make was what he wanted to do in life.All through high school Homer wanted to please his father but also wanted to do what he wanted to do. His father wanted Homer to become a mining engineer after Homer expressed an interest in engineering; he really wanted Homer to take over his work after he retired. Homer said to him that he didn’t really know what an engineer did but that all he wanted to do was build rockets. His father kept pressing Homer, explaining that coal mining was the life of their country and Homer would be doing his country an honor by running a coal mine. Homer had always wanted the respect from his father hat his father gave to Homer’s brother and coal mining would get him that respect but his dream was to build rockets in Cape Canaveral. Homer was torn but he knew in his heart that he was going to follow his dream, despite whatever his father said. Interestingly, because this book is an autobiography that contains an epilogue, the reader learns about the character at the end of the book and later in life. At the end of the book, Homer was physically the same as the beginning; Homer was in good health since there was no mention of his physical health changing, unlike his father, whose lungs were turning black and infected from mining.Homer was emotionally much better at the end of the book. After years of struggling, Homer figured out who he was and what he was going to: this issue was summarized powerfully on page three hundred seven, â€Å"Standing under the apple tree where Daisy Mae was buried, I realized I didn’t have to envy them anymore: I also knew now who I was and what I was going to do. That was when almost as if someone had pulled a string, my stomach and head stopped hurting. † Socially, Homer always seemed fine. He had a great group of friends- â€Å"the rocket boys†- throughout the story.By the end of the book, his social circumstances were even better as Homer was regarded as almost a small town hero in Coalwood after winning the science fairs. He still had a great group of friends that he was with since before and during high school and the community liked him and his friends a lot; this most evident after listening to the people watching the boys drive to their last launch: â€Å"Some people saw the rocket sticking out of the window, and shouts of encouragement rang out. ‘The rocket boys, hoo! ’ ‘We’re proud of you boys! ‘A-OK, all systems go! ’. † People from all over the county respected the boys, especially Homer. Homer was in great shape at the end of the book- physically, emotionally, and socially, having stayed true to what he wanted to do, and sticki ng with his friends. Personally, I like Homer. He tries to please everyone he knows with whatever he does. He seems genuine and puts a lot of work into everything he does. One thing I noticed about Homer that is most admirable is that he did not give up when he needed something.If he needed to get supplies for his rockets, he would do whatever he could to get them. He would trade for supplies, do work for people, camp in the woods for a week, and dig steel out of the ground to sell. Homer did have some bad moments when he got tough and arrogant but whenever he did, someone knocked him back into his place and he realized what he was doing. Considering all of these things, I would like to be friends with Homer and would really enjoy being a â€Å"rocket boy†. â€Å"The Rocket Boys† title signifies the main point of the book.It explains that the book is about a group of boys who are somehow connected to rockets, whether they have an interest, they like to fly them, or any thing else with rockets involved. I think a better title to the book could be â€Å"Leaving Coalwood† because the story emphasizes all of the reasons not to stay in Coalwood but to leave and pursue one’s dreams. It also signifies the rockets themselves when they blast off and go high up in the sky, leaving Coalwood behind and seeing the world from above before falling back to Coalwood.The ending of â€Å"The Rocket Boys† is very effective given the resolution of the tension that was prominent throughout the book. Homer’s final launch brought many people to Cape Coalwood, including Homer’s father. Homer let his father launch their last and best rocket ever that exploded the launch pad and flew to six miles in the sky. Homer’s father jumped around, happy and excited, very proud of his son. Homer’s father was finally showing just how pleased he was for his son’s success, something Homer longed for. Since this story had such a happ y, exciting, and true ending, it is hard to change it.If I had to change it, another ending might be that the tension was not completely cleared up between Homer and his father. Homer’s father wouldn’t have come to the launch, and even though he was slowly getting used to the fact that Homer wanted to leave Coalwood and work with rockets. In the changed ending, he still wasn’t happy that Homer wouldn’t take over his job. This ending leaves the possibility for a sequel, following up on the continued tension as Homer became an adult and a successful NASA scientist.While I thought the actual ending to â€Å"The Rocket Boys† was effective and good, having a new ending would also create new possibilities. I would recommend this book to someone who relates to this book in many ways. My father is one of those people who are always interested in learning about things, and how they work. This book is all about how Homer learned about how rockets work and ho w to build them. My father loves to build things and always wanted to become a carpenter, which is what he did.His parents wanted him to go to college to work as a company executive like his dad and he never told them he wanted to become a carpenter. After struggling to decide whether or not to tell them, wondering if they would be mad or not, he told them, and to his surprise, they were fine with it. This isn’t exactly like Homer’s struggle with his father where it was external conflict, but internal. I think my father would relate to Homer’s struggle. In addition, my father would enjoy the technical story of the building of the rockets and all of the excitement that this story provides.Overall, I like this book a lot. I thought the book I was going to have to read for this reading assignment was going to be boring and long. I was completely wrong! I did not want to stop reading this story. I thought it was a very well written autobiography that isn’t ju st filled with facts and dates, but is filled with rich information from the exciting adventures with Homer and his rocket boys. This was one of the best reading assignment books I have ever read; in fact, one of the best books I have ever read.

Collaboration To Prevent Zoonotic Disease Health And Social Care Essay

In 1899 Sir Patrick Manson wrote â€Å" aˆÂ ¦that the lower animate beings, particularly. . . those that are closely associated with adult male, play an of import portion in the transmittal of human disease is now merely going to be appreciated. . . for one time in a manner, scientific discipline is immensely in progress of pattern. Our sanitarians and the public do non to the full recognize all that the community of involvement, as respects disease sources, of adult male and animal agencies in the spread of disease. At all events if they do understand it they surely do non move as if they appreciated it. † Since so, research workers have discovered a scope of agencies by which assorted diseases may be transferred from animate beings to people. Besides direct animate being contact ( consumption, animate being bites, diseased carnal handling ) these include direct or indirect exposure to septic tissues, piss, spit, secernments or fecal matters through tegument or mucose me mbranes, inspiration of contaminated aerosols or dust, bites from arthropod vectors, and research lab accidents ( Baptiste et al, 2005 ; Dabritz and Conrad, 2010 ) . Bender and Minicucci ( 2007 ) modified the 1959 World Health Organisation definition of zoonotic diseases to be â€Å" Those diseases and infections that are of course transmitted between craniate animate beings and adult male, with the animate beings functioning as the reservoir where a pathogen lives or persists and multiplies. † Despite this possible for disease transportation, it is estimated that 63 % of families ain at least one pet ( McNicholas et al, 2005 ) . The bond between worlds and animate beings has been recognized for many old ages, and favored ownership has been associated with psychological, emotional and physical benefits. Surveies have identified stress decrease, decreased feelings of depression and disaffection, reduced cardiovascular disease, higher endurance from myocardial infarctions, reduced hazard of asthma and allergic coryza as advantages of having comrade animate beings ( Friedmann et al, 1980 ; Anderson et Al, 1992 ; Spencer, 1992b ; Patronek and Glickman, 1993 ; Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Villar et Al, 1998 ; Siegel et Al, 1999 ; McNicholas et Al, 2005 ) . Unfortunately, the zoonotic transmittal of infective diseases amongst immunocompromised persons and their pets is frequently overlooked, ignored or over overdone. While possible zoonotic pathogens of concern to immunocompromised in dividuals include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. , Salmonella spp. , Campylobacter spp. , Giardia lamblia, Rhodococcus equi, Bartonella spp. , Mycobacterium marinum, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia psittaci, and zoophilic dermatophytes, appropriate hygiene and instruction can dramatically cut down the hazards ( Trevejo et al, 2005 ) . With the exclusion of Bartonella henselae ( cat abrasion disease ) and zoophilic dermatophytes, the predating infections in worlds are more normally acquired from beginnings other than pets, and the infective disease hazard from having pets is considered low even amongst immunocompromised persons ( Spencer, 1992a ; Jones et Al, 1999 ; Robertson et Al, 2000 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . However, HIV-infected and immunosuppressed individuals may still be advised non to ain pets, or to dispose of their comrade animate beings. Since people are more likely to hold their Canis familiariss and cats vaccinated against hydrophobias than to hold the ir kids vaccinated against grippe ( Rock and Lail, 2009 ) , fear that they may lose their pets can take sick persons to wholly avoid intervention. Therefore, concern for the wellness and public assistance of pets can supply a strategic gap for conveying information sing human wellness and health by health care professionals. Given that human medical specialty does non by and large explore the function of animate beings in the transmittal of zoonotic agents, and veterinary medical specialty does non pull off the clinical facets of human disease, zoonotic disease bar amongst immunocompromised individuals requires engagement of both doctors and veterinaries.Immunocompromised PersonsWhen sing the immunocompromised as a vulnerable population, there is a broad assortment of root causes for immune map decrease amongst the most immunosuppressed groups. The cardinal similarity between them all is that they are more susceptible to serious unwellnesss from infections associated with pathogens from animate beings, insects, nutrient and H2O. This is due to impaired immune system map which consequences in a decreased ability to battle the resulting infections. Primary or inborn immunodeficiencies are caused by familial or innate upsets, B- and T-cell lacks, and defects in unconditioned unsusceptibility, while acquired immunodeficiencies include the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) , impaired unsusceptibility from chemotherapy or radiation, splenectomy, diseases of bone marrow, and protein-calorie malnutrition ( Abbas et al, 2009 ) . Immunosuppressive therapy for grafts of bone marrow, haematopoietic root cells, and solid variety meats enhances the hurtful effects of underlying unwellness or organ failure. Malignancy, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, gestation, hypogammaglobulinemia, extremes of age, alcohol addiction, and asplenia besides impair host unsusceptibility to changing grades by impacting endocrine and immune cell degrees, reactions and sensit ivenesss ( Abbas et al, 2009 ) . Therefore, it is of import to acknowledge that immunocompromisation is a far making term which includes those enduring from HIV/AIDS, pregnant adult females, babies younger than 1 twelvemonth, people older than 65 old ages of age, people taking immunosuppressive medicines ( such as transplant organ receivers ) , people having chemotherapeutic agents, and people enduring from diabetes, nephritic failure, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, or assorted other immunosuppressive diseases or conditions. A conservative estimation is that about 20 % of the United States population is considered immunocompromised ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) , and there is no ground to surmise that this is non the same in Canada. This figure is expected to increase as the overall population ages, and as malignant neoplastic disease and HIV/AIDS therapies improve taking patients to hold longer endurance rates ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) .Preventing Zoonotic Disease Transmission in Immunocompromised PopulationsThere are of import factors that immunocompromised individuals need to see with respects to pet ownership, and by and large most writers agree on several cardinal points refering to these issues. First, that immunocompromised persons need to carefully see the important hazards of favored ownership and that instruction leting them to make so needs to be provided in an empathic, caring environment ( Kotton, 2007 ) . Second, that few immunosuppressed individuals initiate these conversations themselves ( Davis, 2008 ) . Last, that there does non look to be consistent duologue or coaction between the Fieldss of human and veterinary medical specialty ( Lipton et al, 2008 ) . In order to get the better of these jobs and travel towards a declaration of the issue of zoonotic disease transmittal, physician-veterinarian relationships need to be established early. In a survey sing the attitudes of veterinaries and doctors towards zoonotic diseases amongst immunocompromised patients, doctors were uncomfortable discoursing the function of pets in the transmittal of zoonotic diseases. Alternatively doctors preferred that veterinaries initiate those treatments ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ) . However, without physician support, most patients do non see veterinaries as a beginning of information sing human wellness ( Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Robinson, 2000 ; McNicholas et Al, 2005 ) . This is despite most veterinaries recognizing their function in public instruction refering zoonotic disease bar, and being prepared for stronger partnerships with public wellness bureaus ( Lipton et al, 2008 ) . As the theoretical account of coaction between wellness professionals alterations into a system of One Health, opportunities to develop schemes specifically adopted towards the bar of zoonotic disease within vulnerable immunosuppressed populations could originate. Currently policies remain in their babyhood as comprehensive, comparative medical specialty has merely late regained widespread entreaty. Generally, schemes have been centred on the distribution of educational booklets and stuffs on the subject of comrade animate being related zoonotic diseases, or little marks within medical waiting countries promoting patients to talk with their wellness professional to heighten bar ( Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Bender and Minicucci, 2007 ; Pickering et Al, 2008 ) . Unfortunately, despite the fact that these methods may at first appear empowering, it is improbable that many patients are within the appropriate phase of alteration to originate alterations, and therefore are unwilling to utilize the resources. Furthermore, it has been suggested that on norm, veterinaries engaged in treatments sing zoonotic disease merely twice per hebdomad, and doctors seldom, if at all ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ) . This farther demonstrates the deficiency of information being communicated to patients. However, despite the lack of concrete stairss taken towards seting specific policies into topographic point, the undermentioned suggestions have been put frontward as recommendations for cut downing the transportation of zoonotic disease to immunosuppressed persons. 1. Increased public instruction demands to be provided to immunocompromised persons and their households. a ) Education sing appropriate attention and hygiene of pets, and people in contact with comrade animate beings needs to be provided ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . This includes manus rinsing after contact with pets, every bit good as care of a clean, healthy environment, modus operandi and regular veterinarian attention ( including handling with appropriate parasiticides ) , and regular pet hygiene ( e.g. niping cats claws, cleaning litter box day-to-day, forestalling Canis familiariss from creaming, etc ) ( NASPHV, 2009 ) . It is of import besides that comrade animate beings are spayed or neutered to cut down the potency for contact with venereal secernments. Discussions sing appropriate eating wonts are important, as immunocompromised patients should ne'er feed their pets natural meat due to the increased hazard of transmittal of pathogens such as Salmonella and tineas to their pets, which can so go vectors themselves. Immunosupp ressed persons must keep their ain hygiene, as integral mucocutaneous barriers are one of the few defense mechanisms against development of disease. B ) Recommendations refering appropriate pet purchases and contact with bad species need to be outlined ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . Immunosuppressed individuals should avoid holding any reptilians or amphibious vehicles, wild or alien birds, or gnawers as pets. Additionally, many persons are non cognizant that acceptance of an grownup animate being reduces the opportunities of infection with a GI zoonotic disease. 2. Improved coaction between wellness attention professionals needs to be maintained in order to place possible zoonotic state of affairss. a ) Health professionals must join forces sing their consciousness of the hazards of infection and showing marks of disease in both human and carnal patients ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . Knowledge of susceptible persons within the same family, such as an sick pet or individual, allows wellness attention practicians to give appropriate advice and instructions on bar of disease transmittal. Comprehensive medical direction programs can so be given in order to maximise life anticipation and minimise morbidity for both human and carnal patients. B ) Dialogue refering zoonotic diseases present in the patient ‘s and the community ‘s environing environment must be undertaken within a squad environment ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . Currently disease surveillance is fragmented, with human wellness professionals describing to different administrations and sections in authorities than veterinary professionals. If this were synchronised there would be a greater opportunity of placing possible zoonotic eruptions prior to occurrence, every bit good as hastening local responses required to command events. 3. Integrated instruction for doctors and veterinaries can cut down the uncomfortableness that wellness professionals feel at the thought of collaborative treatments. a ) Comprehensive instruction on the topic of public wellness, zoonotic disease and immunocompromised patients during professional preparation can cut down the fright of treatments on the topic ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Combined veterinary and medical preparation both during preparation and through continuing instruction post-graduation through required coursework or workshops ensures consistence in the messages given to patients sing zoonotic disease every bit good as furthering collaborative working relationships between professionals that can transport frontward to future interactions. 4. There should be increased scientific survey on the subject of disease transmittal between immunosuppressed persons and their pets. a ) Research performed jointly by doctors and veterinaries on the topic of zoonotic disease transmittal could formalize present twenty-four hours concerns and sentiments ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . To day of the month at that place have been no randomised controlled tests, and few instance control surveies on the subject of disease transmittal amongst immunosuppressed persons, taking to guess as to the overall hazards of infection. Misconceptions of elevated hazard of pet-acquired unwellnesss often lead households to acquire rid of darling pets unnecessarily doing indefensible emphasis and depression. This is despite the fact that the bulk of pets do non do any greater hazards to immunocompromised patients than interaction with other people or the environment would ( Burton, 1989 ; Wallace et Al, 1993 ) . B ) Studies performed jointly by doctors and veterinaries on the topic of successful wellness promotional activities could promote farther integrating of these schemes and enterprises, and create and drift for future support ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . There exists small literature on which wellness promotional schemes appear to hold had a important impact on the decrease of zoonotic transmittal of disease amongst pet proprietors. 5. Improved visibleness of health care professionals within the general community can advance discourse in the subject of disease transference between comrade animate beings and their vulnerable proprietors. a ) Evidence of the presence of the support available for immunocompromised patients with pets can take to more unfastened communicating between patients and the health care professionals with whom they interact ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Lipton et Al, 2008 ) . It is recommended that doctors and veterinaries affiliate with support groups to promote patients to utilize all preventative and diagnostic steps available.Strategic ExamplesAs mentioned, one of the cardinal wellness publicity schemes recommended by several writers was specialised, comprehensive instruction of the particular immunocompromised population. Health instruction is geared to better the cognition that a mark population holds sing the specific issue being discussed. A assortment of methods can be used to leave this information, from printed paperss ( including booklets, postings or manuals ) , to diverse media mercantile establishments ( including telecasting or wireless advertizements or internet web sites ) , to int eractive public treatments ( including community meetings and particular involvement groups ) . Currently, wellness instruction sing the transmittal of zoonotic diseases between immunocompromised persons and their comrade animate beings by and large takes the signifier of marks, booklets or postings in medical and veterinary office waiting suites. For best pattern, educational stuffs should be designed by a collaborative squad of doctors, veterinaries, nurses and wellness publicity specializers. For illustration, the Center for Disease Control presently maintains a web site that contains many client educational resources, including booklets and postings aimed at cut downing zoonotic disease transmittal in immunosuppressed populations for medical and veterinary offices ( CDC, 2011a ; CDC, 2011b ) . These resources are designed by their epidemiological public wellness specializers. Unfortunately, as was mentioned antecedently, even though these are first-class resources, as a inactive resource they are merely utile when they are used, and so make non truly empower the patient. A client ‘s sensed susceptibleness to disease and personal cues to action will play important functions in whether they choose to take the stuff, and so whether they choose to prosecute their wellness professional in the necessary duologue to do of import changes to their state of affairs. As good, the patient must be willing to take action one time they have acquired the recommendations. So while wellness instruction can ensue in improved communicating with patients as a starting point for originating treatment, it is merely functional when used as one of an armory of tools, instead than as the primary or exclusive agencies of zoonotic disease decrease amongst an immunocompromised population. Another recommendation was for a collaborative team-centered attack, in which wellness attention professionals form a squad to recommend for comprehensive medical direction programs that maximize healthy long lives for both human patients and pets. Since veterinaries have a duty to name, dainty and rede the proprietor or health professional on zoonotic disease it is of import that they feel they are a member of the wellness squad. Their function needs to guarantee that doctors and other wellness professionals are given accurate information on the hazards for their patients and practical advice on how to understate infections from happening. As portion of a collaborative squad, doctors should besides be proactive in asking about pet or dog ownership among their immunocompromised patients. Physicians must keep consciousness of pet infective diseases and hazards to advocate patients to forestall human infection. Doctors must besides acknowledge the disease in worlds every bit good as de velop cognition and apprehension of clinical syndromes in animate beings, because these may supply a hint to the aetiology of undiagnosed diseases in human patients. In order to ab initio make this positive working relationship, it is recommended that wellness scientific discipline colleges at universities create interdisciplinary nucleus classs necessitating all wellness subjects ( including but non limited to Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, Public Health ) to work together on public wellness issues. By larning to work together groups learn to understand and recommend for each other, and hence go more expert at recommending for all of their patients. This would so widen to immunocompromised pet proprietors. Unfortunately, developing this type of course of study will take important organizational alteration and has non yet been completed. Organizational alteration seeks to cut down the demand for remedial or reactive policy by making positive, balanced and flexible constructions and schemes to get by with issues as they arise. Successful organizational alteration in this case requires reconstituting of resources and transmutation of metho dological analysis, which can merely be undertaken one time all cardinal stakeholders acknowledge and consider the possible effects of disregarding the state of affairs. As mentioned, it is estimated that at least 20 % of the current population is considered to be immunosuppressed ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . As this per centum grows, the impact of avoiding the reverberations of absent policies will go undeniable. However, legion pupil run interdisciplinary groups exist and one successful illustration of this type of confederation is the Aboriginal, Rural and Remote Health Group ( ARRHG ) from the University of Saskatchewan which fosters an interprofessional position on issues affecting vulnerable rural, distant and Aboriginal populations. With members from each of the professional wellness scientific discipline sections on campus, pupils learn to interact and pass on with a diverse array of subjects. In the interim, while waiting for new course of study to be developed, joint medi cal and veterinary medical workshops based on the success of groups such as ARRHG could be given to educate professionals on the zoonotic hazards to human wellness. By hammering ties, participants of these workshops would non merely go better advocators for their patients, but besides for the plans themselves, promoting universities to rush their bringing.The Role of Public Health ProfessionalsPublic wellness professionals have a important function in disease surveillance. Companion animate beings can be considered the proverbial ‘canary in a coal mine ‘ by which wellness boosters can break aim their activities based on current needs appraisals. As pets are in intimate contact with members of a human household, they frequently eat similar nutrients, portion the same beds, and serve as travel comrades ; therefore their disease hazard ends up similar to that of their proprietors. Animals hence may function as incidental lookouts for disease, as their wellness frequently mi rrors that of worlds in the same family. Communication between veterinaries, doctors and public wellness functionaries can ease rapid sensing of disease and execution of disease-control and bar schemes to finally minimise damaging wellness effects in both people and animate beings ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Public wellness bureaus could increase their engagement in the decrease of zoonotic disease transmittal to immunocompromised persons by going involved in the development of educational stuffs, by moving as affairs between diverse wellness professionals and degrees of authorities, and by run intoing on a regular basis with the community to discourse concerns sing zoonotic diseases and their bar. Public wellness professionals could be instrumental in developing a secure online method for veterinaries, doctors and public wellness professionals to portion information sing zoonotic diseases within the community and possible methods with which to protect vulnerable groups prior to i nclusion of the media.DecisionsZoonotic diseases are a turning public wellness concern, particularly among vulnerable immunosuppressed populations. As more than 75 % of emerging human infective diseases involve zoonotic pathogens ( Lefebvre et al, 2006 ) , and comrade animate beings remain an of import possible beginning of disease for the increasing figure of immunocompromised persons within the population. However, given the emotional and physical benefits of favored ownership, wellness practicians must better their accomplishments in wellness instruction, protagonism and collaborative communicating in order to guarantee that their patients remain capable of keeping their ain wellness while coexisting with their comrade animate beings.